习近平生态文明思想系列报道
代表作1：
原文：
By YANG WANLI in Beijing and YUAN HUI in Hohhot
Raising sheep used to be the lifeblood of tens of thousands of herdsmen in Saruultuya Gastaa, in Inner Mongolia's Xiliin Gol League, but the animals took a tremendous toll on the environment.
During the second session of the 13th National People's Congress, the country's top legislature, in March 2019, President Xi Jinping, who is also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and chairman of the Central Military Commission, participated in a discussion held by deputies from Inner Mongolia.
"We should explore new ways for high-quality development, which prioritize ecological protection and the green economy," Xi said. "More efforts should also be made to protect the ecosystem and guard the beautiful scenery on China's northern border."
China is a country rich in grassland resources. Its natural grasslands, the world's biggest, cover an area of 3.92 million square kilometers-12 percent of the global total-according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
However, the grasslands suffered from serious overgrazing, leading to degradation and desertification in the 1980s.
Grassland degradation is a biotic disturbance in which grass struggles to grow or can no longer exist due to factors such as overgrazing, the burrowing of small mammals and climate change, said Gao Wenyuan, a researcher at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Work Station.
He said a typical case was in neighboring Horqin, long famed for its beautiful grassland landscape but now the country's largest expanse of sandy land, which grew rapidly from 423,104 sq km in 1959 to 611,104 sq km in 1987. Thanks to recent rectification efforts, it now covers 408,000 sq km.
To prevent grassland desertification, China's central government has prohibited grazing in some areas and placed limits on the practice in others.
Ting responded quickly, fencing off about 20 hectares of his grassland in 1986. The next year, the forage on this rested land had almost tripled, and many herding families decided to follow his lead.
"Feeding livestock with fodder is very demanding in terms of cost and the labor required," he said. "More importantly, meat from livestock raised on grassland has a reputation for tasting good and being nutritious due to the traditional way of grazing. We needed to figure out new ways that maintained the meat's high quality."
"The profit from selling a steer was also almost five times higher than for a sheep," he said.
Nearly 80 percent of the herdsmen in Saruultuya Gastaa now raise beef cattle. When Ting retired as the village's Party secretary in 2015, its annual per capita income had risen to 18,000 yuan ($2,560)-up from barely 40 yuan two decades before.
Concerted efforts
Between 2013 and 2017, more than 82,000 cases of illegal use of grassland and illegal grazing were handled nationwide. The number of grassland rangers has also continued to rise, hitting 200,000 by the end of 2017, according to the National Forestry and Grassland Administration.
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, ecological civilization has been listed as one of China's five major goals in its drive to become a moderately well-off society by 2020.
"China must pursue the vision of innovative, coordinated, green and open development that is for everyone, accelerate forming spatial patterns, industrial structures, production and living modes that are resource-saving and environmentally friendly, and provide time and space for the natural ecology to rehabilitate," he said.
"President Xi's remarks this year guide us again as to our future development road," said Chen Liang, an NPC deputy from Inner Mongolia.
Since July last year, he has been working in the league's village of Baiyin, encouraging farmers to grow oats and alfalfa, which he called an example of a green agricultural economy that brings both stable incomes and a better environment.
Bearing fruit
Home to 880,000 sq km of grassland, nearly a quarter of the country's total, Inner Mongolia has stepped up efforts to enhance grassland protection, with the average vegetation coverage of its pastures rising to 44 percent in 2018 from 30 percent in 2000, according to a report by the regional government last year.
The autonomous region's beautiful natural scenery and improvements to its environment are attracting an increasing number of tourists, making local people more enthusiastic about protecting its grassland.
"In past decades, Inner Mongolia has witnessed a green miracle," Mu said. "In the future, we will conduct strict surveillance of the grassland via satellite remote sensing technology."
"More innovative ways will be encouraged to control the sands for a better ecological system," Mu said. "We will also support cooperation between organizations in Inner Mongolia and other regions."
译文：
草原助力中国绿色发展之路
作者：杨万丽、袁慧
放了一辈子牧的内蒙古牧民廷·巴特，在劝导周围牧民改变传统放牧观念、修复草原生态系统这件事情上，从来没有一丝犹豫。
居住在锡林郭勒盟萨如拉图雅嘎查的牧民们，世世代代都以放羊为生。但他们不知道的是，放羊对草原生态环境来说有诸多弊端。
65岁的廷·巴特提出了一个大胆的想法——让大家养牛。正是这个选择，给草原的今天带来了新的希望。
2019年3月，中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席习近平在参加十三届全国人大二次会议内蒙古代表团审议时发表重要讲话。
习近平强调，要保持加强生态文明建设的战略定力。努力探索出一条符合战略定位、体现内蒙古特色，以生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展新路子。
习近平指出，构筑我国北方重要生态安全屏障，把祖国北疆这道风景线建设得更加亮丽，必须以更大的决心、付出更为艰巨的努力。
丰富的草原资源.
中国是一个草原大国。据国家林业和草原局统计，我国有天然草原392万平方公里（3.92亿公顷），约占全球草原面积12%，位居世界第一。
国家林业和草原局草原监理中心副主任刘加文介绍说，中国的草原资源面积占国土面积的40%多，高于耕地和森林面积的总和。
然而，过度放牧使草原在上世纪80年代遭遇了退化和荒漠化问题。
在锡林郭勒盟，受干旱、过度放牧、保护缺乏等影响，发生了严重的草原退化和荒漠化。在萨如拉图雅嘎查，草原退化面积曾一度高达70%。
内蒙古草原工作站的研究员高文远介绍说，草原退化是草原自然生态不平衡的结果。过度放牧、小型哺乳动物挖洞、气候变化等因素都会导致草原生态失衡。
“退化初期只是小面积的草地枯死变黄，”他说。“如果这种情况没能得到有效遏制，那么草原退化会蔓延到更多区域。极端情况下，大片草场会变成光秃秃的裸露土地”。
他介绍说，科尔沁草原就是这样典型的草原退化案例。曾经的科尔沁是远近闻名的丰茂草场，但如今却成了全国面积增长最快的沙地，沙地面积从1959年的423104平方公里迅速增长到1987年的611104平方公里。在近年来生态修复工作努力下，科尔沁的沙地面积才稳定控制在408000平方公里左右。
放牧应当控制
为了防止草原退化，政府在一些地区实施了禁牧或限制放牧的政策。
20世纪80年代初，内蒙古自治区林业部门出台了一系列措施，包括控制放牧面积、鼓励牧民用饲料饲养牲畜。
廷·巴特也迅速行动起来，响应政策号召，在1986年就把自家的大约20公顷草场全部围封。第二年，他家的草场产草量是以前的近三倍。这一尝试，让很多附近的牧民都纷纷效仿起来。
但廷·巴特很快意识到，光是提高牧草产量不是长久之计。
“用饲料喂牲口，在开销和人力成本控制方面都是难度很大的，”他介绍说。“更重要的是，草原上的牛羊肉之所以味道那么好，营养丰富，全靠传统的放牧方式。我们必须要想一个新办法，保证肉质的高质量。”
通过不断实践，廷·巴特发现要减轻草原的负担，村民们不仅需要减少牲口的数量，还应该“减羊增牛”，因为牛吃草给草原带来的伤害远远少于羊，它们吃草不伤草根。
他算了一笔账：“卖一头牛的收益几乎是一只羊的5倍”。
廷•巴特从自家做起，把家里400多只羊卖掉，全部改养肉牛。他还成功发展了生态旅游、乳业和牛肉加工业，促进了当地经济发展，这也让越来越多的牧民跟着他干起来。
如今，萨如拉图雅嘎查有近80%的牧民养牛。2015年，当廷•巴特从村书记的位置上退休时，村里的人均年收入已从20年前的仅40元提高到18000元。
到2016年，锡林郭勒盟有近一半的土地有植被覆盖，植被覆盖率比15年前翻了一番多。
努力从未止步
近年来全国各地都在推进草原保护工作。2011年以来，共有13个省份和自治区实行了相关举措，对参与禁牧或限制放牧的牧民实施生态补偿。
国家林业和草原局的数据显示，在2013至2017年间，全国共立案查处非法征占用草原以及乱开滥垦草原等破坏草原案件8.2万多起。截至2017年底，草原生态管护员队伍已发展到20万人以上。
此外，不少地方政府还为牧民提供免费再就业培训，鼓励他们发展绿色产业，例如生态友好型旅游，或种植经济价值较高的中草药等。
党的十八大以来，生态文明建设被纳入中国特色社会主义事业“五位一体”总体布局，力争实现2020年全面建成小康社会的目标。
在2018年全国生态环境保护大会上，习近平再次强调“绿水青山就是金山银山”。
他指出：“贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，加快形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式，给自然生态留下休养生息的时间和空间。”
今年（2020年）的十三届全国人大三次会议期间，习近平参加内蒙古代表团审议时强调，要保持加强生态文明建设的战略定力，牢固树立生态优先、绿色发展的导向，持续打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战。
“总书记的一番话为我们未来的发展指明了方向，”全国人大代表陈良说道。
陈良是内蒙古兴安盟国有林场和森林公园管理局副局长。他表示，为了防止草原不当利用，当地已经出台了严格的保护措施。
自去年（2019年）7月以来，陈良到兴安盟的白音村当起了驻村干部。他在村里推广种植燕麦和苜蓿，打造绿色农业，为当地人提供了稳定的收入来源，更美化了乡村环境。
陈良介绍说：“相比玉米这样的传统作物，燕麦和苜蓿的种植对环境更加有利，而且适宜当地环境生长。更重要的是，燕麦和苜蓿还能提高土壤的稳定性”。
绿色的硕果
近年来，内蒙古通过实施禁牧或限制放牧措施、退耕还林还草工程等，让草原逐渐恢复了绿色生机。
内蒙古拥有88万平方公里的草原，草原面积占全国草原总面积的近四分之一。去年（2019年）自治区政府公布的数据显示，通过不断加大草原保护力度，内蒙古草原植被平均盖度从2000年的30%提高到2018年的44%。
内蒙古林业和草原局局长牧远介绍说，内蒙古草原已有68万平方公里的区域实施了禁牧，全区人工草场面积也由1980年的5233平方公里增加到了现在的2万平方公里。
风光如画的草原景致和日益变美的环境也吸引了越来越多的游客到内蒙古，旅游业的发展进一步促进了当地牧民保护草原的积极性。
内蒙古旅游局的数据显示，2019年全年，自治区接待的游客数量超过1.95亿人次，旅游收益4650亿元，较上一年增长12%。
牧远说：“过去几十年里，内蒙古见证了地区发展的绿色奇迹。今后，我们会进一步利用卫星遥感技术对草原实施有效监测。”
他表示，内蒙古林草部门也会推动使用科技手段进行草原生态修复，并帮助其他地区、甚至其他国家对抗荒漠化问题，让地球变得更绿。
“我们会鼓励采取更多的创新化治理方法，控制土地沙化，改善生态系统，也会促进内蒙古本地机构和组织开展跨区域合作，”他说。
代表作2：
原文：
After logging ban, workers become rangers tapping potential of forest resources
For generations, they and their ancestors had felled and processed trees for meager wages among the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the forest-rich province, a stronghold of China's sprawling network of State-owned forest farms.
Shortly after the ban was introduced, the Qianshao Forest Farm, Sun's employer, opened another door for its workers.
To make up for the shortfall, the farm allowed staff members to start businesses as a sideline, hoping they would receive a financial boost by tapping other forest resources in an environmentally friendly way.
But as the supply of wild mushrooms was constrained by seasonal factors, Sun then saw a business opportunity in the mountain springs that flow freely in the forests. In 2018, he set up a distillery that makes baijiu－at a small facility offered by the farm free of charge. Sun said that he uses spring water and rice, a local specialty, as raw materials, unlike local competitors who commonly use corn.
"We're planning to hire more hands," said Sun, 46, who started working as a lumberjack in 1990."We'll first consider my fellow workers at the farm who have been in financial difficulties."
The successes at Qianshao have set an example for more than 4,800 State-owned forest farms scattered across China as they attempt to shift their focus from the exploitation of forests' timber resources to their preservation, in line with government policies.
The forest farm reforms that started in Heilongjiang six years ago are part of a broader effort by the central authorities to revitalize the economies of former heavy industrial bases in northern and northeastern provinces that have lost steam due to the gradual depletion of oil deposits and other natural resources.
In Beijing last year, he told legislators from northern China's Inner Mongolia autonomous region that strategic resolve was needed when it came to building an eco-friendly economy. He described the protection of the country's environment as being embedded in China's overall development strategy, and highlighted its particular relevance to the development of Inner Mongolia.
At a forest farm in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, last year, Xi said that building an ecological security barrier in northern China was a strategic task. While visiting an afforestation area in the northwestern province of Gansu last year, he called for a spirit of perseverance and sustained efforts in building a beautiful China.
Ecological barrier
Armies of urban youth, soldiers, workers and officials were deployed to the region in the following decades to bolster the production of timber－The massive project fueled China's rapid industrialization by providing more than 200 million cubic meters of timber and tens of billions of yuan in tax revenue by 2015, Xinhua News Agency reported, citing local authorities.
The damage reached a crescendo in 1987, when a fire believed to have been caused by a careless worker destroyed more than 10,000 square kilometers of forest among the rolling mountains and killed hundreds of people. Direct economic losses were calculated at 500 million yuan.
In 1998, China launched the Natural Forest Preservation Project in a dozen regions including Heilongjiang and neighboring Jilin province. It was later expanded nationwide, leading to a considerable reduction in logging in natural forest zones.
two-and-a-half times as much as the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric project－The push for greener development was reinforced in 2012, when the Party added environmental preservation to its blueprint for the overall construction of a socialist society. It had previously listed four sectors: the economy, politics, culture and civil society.
The total area of China's forests increased by almost 130,000 sq km between 2014 and 2018, according to the ninth survey of national forest resources published last year. That has boosted China's forest coverage rate to 22.96 percent, 1.33 percentage points higher than in 2014.
In 2017, an afforestation project in Saihanba, Hebei province, won the UN Environment Program's Champions of the Earth award. The area used to be a lush imperial hunting ground, but turned into a sprawling desert due to decades of excessive logging, fueling sandstorms across North China. The restoration project, which started in the 1960s, eventually turned the desert into a national forest park.
Heilongjiang's timber output peaked at 15.7 million cubic meters in 1978, but plummeted to 894,000 cubic meters in 2013, before the ban on commercial logging in natural forests was introduced.
The extension of the ban saw more forest farms roll out aid to employees as they put down their chain saws and picked up other trades.
Born into a lumberjack family, Gu joined the local forest farm in 1990. As the logging mainly took place in the coldest months－she has chronic rheumatism.
"We would take steamed buns for meals, and put them close to the skin to keep them warm."
Some of her neighbors became self-taught tour guides after the local government built lumberjack-themed homestays reminiscent of life in the area in the 1950s.
To make up for the shortfall in timber output, China launched an initiative in 2018 to increase the number of plantations to boost usable timber reserves.
Six regions have been designated for the development of timber reserve forests, including coastal regions in southeastern China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration said in a circular issued four years ago.
译文：
林业改革助推绿色转型
作者：李磊、周慧颖
禁伐令下，伐木工变护林员开发森林的绿色资源
六年前，对于孙学水和黑龙江省成千上万的伐木工人来说，一扇门对他们关上了。
他们几代人都曾在大兴安岭以砍伐、加工树木为生。
然而在2014年，黑龙江省全面停止了天然林商业性采伐，试图寻找一条绿色发展道路。
很快，前哨林场，也就是孙学水工作的地方，为他们打开了另一扇门。
尽管木材收入大幅下降，前哨林场并没有裁人，而是把伐木工们调到了新岗位，担任护林员，负责森林防火防虫的巡逻。新岗位的工资比之前低一些。
为了弥补收入的下降，前哨林场鼓励工人们搞副业，通过更加环保的方式开发森林资源、致富增收。
看到大山里野蘑菇到处都是，城里人对有机食品青睐有加，老孙做起了野生菌加工。
但野生蘑菇的产量受季节制约，老孙于是又在山泉中看到商机。2018年，他在林场免费提供的一间平房里办起了酒厂。当地大多是玉米酿酒，老孙别出心裁，用山间清泉和大米做原材料酿酒。
小酒厂盈利颇丰，于是去年（2019年）老孙扩建了酒厂，年产能达到了1万公升。
“我们打算雇佣更多的人手，我们会首先考虑经济困难的林场职工。”老孙说。46岁的老孙是从1990年开始做伐木工的。
除了酒厂，前哨农场还建了140个食用菌大棚，解决了150名林场职工的就业问题。负责该项目的林场干部魏然宝说，因为有了这些大棚，2014年林场职工的人均年收入增加了约3400元。如今他们年收入能达到5万元。
前哨林场的成功转型是全国4800多家国有林场中的一个典范。按照国家政策，全国范围内的国有林场都在把工作重点从开发转向保护林业资源。
前哨林场的事迹也突显出森林资源利用的“绿色”潜力，印证了习近平主席2005年在担任中共浙江省委书记时提出的“绿水青山就是金山银山”科学论断。
六年前在黑龙江拉开序幕的林场改革，是中央重振东北老工业基地和北部省份经济的诸多举措之一。这些地区在石油等自然资源逐渐枯竭后都面临着发展难题。
中共中央总书记、中央军委主席习近平2016年在黑龙江伊春考察调研时强调了生态保护的重要性，并要求在全面停止商业性采伐之后摸索产业发展路子。
去年（2019年）在北京，习近平总书记（在参加他所在的十三届全国人大二次会议内蒙古代表团审议时）强调，要保持加强生态文明建设的战略定力。他强调了生态文明建设在党和国家事业发展中的地位，也指出了生态对于内蒙的重要作用。
在加快生态保护和建设“美丽中国”的大背景下，林场改革被视为筑牢边境地区生态安全屏障的一个抓手。“美丽中国”是2012年年底首次提出的。
习近平去年（2019年）在内蒙古赤峰一个林场考察时说，建设祖国北方生态安全屏障是战略性的任务。去年（2019年）他在甘肃省一处人造林考察时激励人们投身生态文明建设，持续用力，久久为功，为建设美丽中国而奋斗。
习近平指出，我们要实现从富起来到强起来，就要把生态文明建设当作大事来抓。他强调，要让“绿色长城”坚不可摧。
生态屏障
20世纪50年代，新中国工业化的推进，催生了对木材的需求。于是国家把目光投向了森林密布的大兴安岭。
对当时还是个农业国的新中国，木材生产对铁路和其他基础设施建设至关重要。在接下来的几十年里，大量知青、士兵、工人和干部被派往大兴安岭，提高木材产量。他们中的很多人在新城镇里定居下来。
新华社一篇援引当地政府消息的报道称，到2015年，大兴安岭为中国提供了超过2亿立方米的木材，带来数百亿元的税收收入，快速推动了工业化。
然而，几十年来不加控制的人类活动破坏了那里大片的原始森林和湿地。这些生态屏障是抵御西伯利亚冷空气和蒙古高原大风的，同时也是包括黑龙江在内的几条大河的源头。
1987年，破坏达到了顶峰。当时一场人为引起的大火摧毁了巍巍大兴安岭中超过1万平方公里的森林，造成数百人死亡，直接经济损失达5亿元。
1998年，长江和松花江流域发生大规模洪涝灾害。洪灾、火灾促使人们关注到了过去几十年开发森林资源的生态成本，促使政府采取行动。
1998年，中国在黑龙江和吉林等十几个地区启动了天然林保护工程。此后，“天保工程”扩大到全国范围，使得自然林区的采伐大幅减少。
次年（1999年），中国启动了退耕还林还草工程。据时任国家林业和草原局局长张建龙在去年（2019年）退耕还林还草工程20年新闻发布会上介绍，截至去年（2019年），该工程共投资5000亿元，是世界最大水电工程三峡大坝总投资的2.5倍。
2012年，党的十八大把生态文明建设纳入中国特色社会主义事业总体布局，和经济、政治、文化和社会建设并列，进一步推进绿色发展。
这些举措将在未来帮助中国实现2035年森林覆盖率提高到26%、在本世纪中叶达到全球平均水平的目标。
去年（2019年）发布的第九次国家森林资源调查显示，2014年至2018年中国森林总面积增加了近13万平方公里，森林覆盖率达到22.96%，比2014年提高了1.33个百分点。
联合国粮农组织发布的《2020年全球森林资源评估报告》显示，过去10年，中国森林面积年均净增19370平方公里，居世界首位。
2017年，河北省塞罕坝造林项目获得联合国环境规划署“地球卫士奖”。塞罕坝曾经是一个郁郁葱葱的皇家狩猎场，但后因开围放垦，退化为荒漠沙地，助长了沙尘暴肆虐华北。20世纪60年代开始，一代又一代在塞罕坝植树造林，最终将这片荒漠变成了国家森林公园。
伐木工主题民宿
黑龙江的木材产量在1978年达到1570万立方米的峰值，在天然林商业采伐禁令出台之前的2013年骤降至89.4万立方米。
2015年，禁伐令在全国范围内推广。国家林业和草原局表示，在截至2017年年底的三年中，中国主要林场的木材产量平均每年下降373万立方米。
随着全国禁伐天然林，越来越多的林场职工放下油锯，在林场帮助下找到谋生的新行当。
顾长云就是这些林场职工中的一员，她来自大兴安岭西南的内蒙古阿尔山一个风景如画的伐木小镇。
她出生在一个伐木工人家庭，1990年开始在当地林场工作。伐木工主要在冬季作业——土壤被冻得硬梆梆的，这样就更容易把砍倒的树拖出来——她得了慢性风湿病。
“我们一大清早就出发，天黑了才回家，”48岁的顾大姐说。“我们会带着馒头当午餐，把馒头贴近皮肉来保暖。” 她26岁的儿子在中国西南部的四川省打工。
近年来，当地政府办起了手工艺品作坊，用桦树皮制作旅游纪念品，给顾大姐等45名贫困工人带来了收入。她两年前加入这个项目，现在月薪2000元。
当地政府还办起了伐木工人主题民宿，带游客穿越到1950年代体验生活，顾大姐的一些邻居成了导游。
民宿项目负责人韩忠勇表示，该项目促进了道路、供水、供暖和排水基础设施的建设。
为了弥补木材产量的不足，中国在2018年发布了国家储备林建设规划。
根据国家林业和草原局印发的通知，东南沿海地区、长江中下游地区、京津冀地区等六大区域承担国家储备林建设任务。
代表作3：
原文：
Environmental improvements at lakes demonstrate green path of development
The lakes, each with an area of more than 30 square kilometers, have a vital role to play in several respects, including preventing floods, providing drinking water and irrigation for farming, and attracting tourists.
Erhai Lake, the second-largest of the lakes and a popular scenic spot, has made progress in treating pollution and has become a role model for the others.
The large numbers of tourists and migrants who came to Erhai led to increased demand in many sectors, but the farms, property developments and hotels that catered to their needs discharged pollutants into the lake.
President Xi Jinping has always attached great importance to the protection and improvement of the country's water system, as well as the balance between economic development and environmental protection.
During his tour, Xi had a photo taken with local officials beside the lake and said he hoped its water quality would be improved when he made his next visit.
and tourist-related runoff.
But the improvement in the water quality two years later showed the people of Dali a greener path to development and their concerns eased.
The 45-year-old spent about 10 million yuan ($1.4 million) to build the hotel in 2014 and he received 6 million yuan in compensation from the government when it was demolished.
"At that time, we innkeepers didn't understand it and refused to sign the contracts agreeing to demolition," he said. "We were worried about our future. I was the first to accept it because I knew the government would protect Erhai Lake and there was no need to oppose it."
The ear-shaped lake lies parallel to Cangshan Mountain and 18 streams from the mountain flow into it. Due to the pleasant weather all year round, a constant stream of tourists visit Dali.
From 2011 to 2016, the number of tourists visiting Dali annually increased from about 15 million to 39 million, making the area increasingly crowded and polluted.
In 2018, the government announced that 1,806 households or homestay hotels needed to be demolished to transform the lakeside into an ecological park.
The government's actions had an immediate effect on the number of tourists visiting Erhai and Cangshan Mountain, which fell to 19.8 million in 2018, down 3.6 percent from 2016, even though tourist visits to the prefecture rose by 20 percent to 47 million.
"I have restarted my business outside the protection zone," he said. "Everything will be fine and back on track. The water quality of Erhai Lake is becoming better and tourists will be attracted back so that our business will boom again."
"From the 1990s, lakes that had been severely polluted by discharges and disturbed by human activities lost their chemical balance and suffered from aquatic bloom outbreaks, which had a serious impact on drinking water safety and the lake ecosystems," Zheng wrote in Democracy and Science magazine in 2018.
Since 1998, the country's top environmental watchdog has been reporting annually on the water quality of China's three most polluted major lakes－In 2007, the central government launched a technology-focused response to water pollution in the three lakes, as well as Erhai and the Three Gorges Reservoir.
In 2016, Taihu Lake became the first of the three major lakes to have no water rated below Grade V and last year more than 90 percent of its water reached Grade II or III, according to an annual report published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.
For seven months of last year, the water quality of Erhai Lake was Grade II－a month longer than in 2017, the local government said.
Last year, one-third of the water in Dianchi Lake was rated Grade II, whereas none met that quality standard in 2018.
People's support
Lake chiefs supervise aquatic resource protection, pollution prevention and control, and environmental restoration. Their performance is assessed and they are held accountable for environmental damage.
"At the beginning, most of them didn't support the bans," Chen said. "After we explained the importance and necessity of protecting Erhai Lake and talked with them about the pollution they generated, they changed their attitude from resistance to understanding."
Zhang Bo, head of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment's Department of Water Ecology and Environment, said at a news conference in February last year that despite recent progress, it still took longer to restore a lake than a river, where the flow of water was faster.
译文：
美丽中国新愿景，青山绿水变现实
湖泊水质及其周围环境的改善展现了绿色发展路径
云南省九大湖泊如同两串珍珠，坐落在西南地区这片红土高原上。
九大湖面积都在30平方公里以上，它们在防洪、提供饮用水源、农业灌溉和吸引游客等方面发挥重要作用。
然而20世纪80年代，经济发展的同时湖泊逐渐受到污染，这促使当地政府转换思维，从不顾一切发展经济到不惜一切治理污染。
洱海是九大湖中的第二大湖，也是备受欢迎的旅游景点。近年来，洱海治理污染取得了成效，为其他地区做出了榜样。
洱海一直以来是都市人寻求田园生活的热门目的地。然而，不断增加的游客和前来定居的人们让位于湖畔的大理白族自治州经济繁荣的同时，洱海亦逐渐失去往日光彩。
大量的游客和洱海移民给许多行业带来需求的增长，但服务他们需要的农业生产、房地产开发和酒店生意，都污染了洱海水质。
对于地方政府而言，保护洱海意味着削减或叫停上述行业，放弃利润丰厚的财政税收来源。
习近平主席一直以来高度重视水生态系统的保护，并强调要正确处理好经济发展和环境保护之间的关系。
2015年，中共中央总书记、中央军委主席习近平到云南洱海考察，嘱咐当地干部和群众一定要把洱海保护好。
他同当地干部在湖边合影后说：“立此存照，过几年再来，希望水更干净清澈。”
2017年，云南省政府宣布了一系列措施，包括关停一些客栈以及改变农作物大水大肥种植模式，以保护洱海免受农业和旅游业排放的污染。
这些政策措施使其快速增长的旅游经济戛然而止，令很多人措手不及。
然而两年后，洱海水质的改善向大理地区的居民展示了一条更绿色的发展之路，缓解了他们的焦虑。
2018年，在大理经营民宿的张福荣被告知，他1300平方米的民宿位于洱海沿岸100米以内的保护区，要被拆除。
45岁的张福荣投资了约1000万元，在2014年建起了这家民宿，拆除时他从政府那里获得了600万元的赔偿金。
“当时，民宿老板们不能理解，拒绝签同意拆除的合同，”他说，“大家都担心自己的未来。但我知道，政府这样做是为了保护洱海，我不反对，所以我第一个签了合同。”
生态公园
耳朵形状的洱海与苍山平行而列，十八条溪水自苍山而下汇入洱海。由于全年气候宜人，大理的游客络绎不绝。
在洱海东岸，可以观赏洱海苍山的美丽风景，倒映在湖面上的云朵形态万千。
从2011年到2016年，大理州一年接待的游客从1500万增加到3900万，洱海周边变得越发拥挤，污染加重。
地方政府表示当时快速且无序的旅游业发展让洱海没机会休养生息，基础设施建设如污水处理设备也没有到位。
2018年，大理州政府宣布要将洱海生态保护区范围内的1806户居民搬迁走，在湖畔建设生态公园。
同时，叫停了所有洱海东岸进行和规划中的开发项目。
州政府的举措直接影响了来苍山洱海游览的游客数量，2018年游客数量1980万人次，比2016年下降了3.6%。尽管如此，2018年整个大理州接待的游客数量达到4700万人次，比2016年增长了20%。
民宿老板张福荣说，他对大理和自己的未来有信心。
“我在保护区外重新开了民宿店，”他说，“一切都会好起来，会回到正轨的。随着洱海的水质越来越好，游客还会回来，我的生意也会越来越好。”
我国面积在1平方公里以上的湖泊有2865个。中国环境科学研究院的水环境学家郑丙辉表示，粮食主产区的三分之一在湖泊流域，工农业总产值的三分之一来自湖泊流域。
“上世纪90年代以来，人类活动和流域内污染物的大量排放，致使部分湖泊水化学失调、水生态系统非良性演替，严重影响了湖泊的供水安全和生态健康，”郑丙辉在《民主与科学》杂志2018年发表的一篇文章中写道。
科技方法解决污染
1998年以来，生态环境部（原环保部）将三大污染最严重的湖泊——太湖、滇池和巢湖——的水质列入其年度报告中。此后的十多年里，三湖泊的水质都被评为劣五类，即已经低于我国五类水质评估系统中的最低等级。
2007年，中央政府启动了水体污染治理科技专项，把这三个湖泊以及洱海和三峡水库都纳入进来。
江苏太湖湖畔的印染、化工和食品生产等重点行业污染源，需要通过审查确保能够达标排放。太湖405公里湖滨带的生态修复也完成了，作为防止污染源入侵太湖的缓冲带。
生态环境部的报告显示，2016年，太湖率先成为三湖泊中没有劣五类水的水体。去年，太湖90%以上水体的水质达到国家地表水II类及III类标准。
在大理，政府的治污努力也颇有成效。
当地政府表示，去年（2019年）洱海实现了7个月水质为国家地表水II类，比2017年多一个月。
在云南昆明的滇池流域，工业企业也已经退出湖滨带，以将污染降到最低水平。
去年，滇池三分之一的水体水质被列为国家地表水II类，而2018年滇池水质没能达到此标准。
今年（2020年）1月，习近平主席到云南考察调研，察看了滇池（星海半岛）生态湿地，再次强调了生态文明建设和绿色发展的重要性。
人民的支持
2018年，全国共设立了24000名湖长，保护湖泊生态。湖长制与河长制类似。
湖长负责监督水资源保护、水污染防治和湖泊生态修复。政府将考核他们的工作表现，并对造成生态环境损害的，追究其责任。
大理白族自治州州委书记陈坚8月份接受中国日报采访时表示，洱海水污染治理的成效离不开当地人民。他说，如果没有民众的支持，政府工作不能取得进展。
“一开始有些人不理解，”陈说。“但在我们解释了保护洱海的重要性和必要性、以及污染如何产生之后，他们的态度从不理解变为理解，从不支持变为支持。”
生态环境部水生态环境司司长张波在去年（2019年）二月新闻发布会上表示，尽管湖泊治理取得了一些进步，但仍任重道远。湖泊治理周期较河流长，因为其流动相对缓慢。
